对柏拉图的文学批评

ByNasrullah MambrolonMay 1, 2017•(11)

柏拉图was the most celebrated disciple of苏格拉底. By his time the glory of Athenian art and literature, illustrated in the works of artists like Phidias and Polygnotus and writers like Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, and Aristophanes, was on the wane, and their place was taken by philosophy and oratory, of which the chief priests were Parmenides, Empedocles, and Socrates, among the philosophers, and Gorgias, Antiphon, and Lysias, among the orators.

Confronted with the decline in national character and the standards of social and public life, the philosophers in particular discussed a great variety of matters, of concern to the citizen and the state, applying the test of reason to each. Socratcs heads them all by his dispassionate quest of truth, which often challenged many an established belicf and convention. Among these general inquiries, the value of literature to society and its nature and functions also came in for their due share of consideration.

His View of Forms
形式理论，系统地阐述Phaedoand theRepublic, can be summarized as follows. The familiar world of objects which surrounds us, and which we apprehend by our senses, is not independent and self-sufficient. Indeed, it is not therealworld (even though the objects in it存在) because it is dependent upon another world, the realm of pure Forms or ideas, which can be apprehended only by reason and not by our bodily sense perceptions.

What is the connection between the two realms? Plato says that the qualities of any object in the physical world are derived from the ideal Forms of those qualities. For example, an object in the physical world is beautiful because it partakes of the ideal Form of Beauty which exists in the higher realm. And so with Tallness, Equality, or Goodness, which Plato sees as the highest of the Forms. Plato even characterizes entire objects as having their essence in the ideal Forms; hence a bed in the physical world is an imperfect copy of the ideal bed in the world of Forms.

The connection between the two realms can best be illustrated using examples from geometry: any triangle or square that we construct using physical instruments is bound to be imperfect. At most it can merely approximate the ideal triangle which is perfect and which is perceived not by the senses but by reason: the ideal triangle is not a physical object but a概念, an idea, a Form. According to Plato, the world of Forms, being changeless and eternal, alone constitutes reality. It is the world of essences, unity, and universality, whereas the physical world is characterized by perpetual change and decay, mere existence (as opposed to essence), multiplicity and particularity

他的艺术观
由于文学是一种艺术，例如绘画，雕塑和其他艺术，因此柏拉图对艺术的看法一般值得首先考虑。它与所谓的他的Theory of Ideas.Ideas, he says inThe Republic,are the ultimate reality. Things are conceived as ideas before they take practical shape as things. A tree, thus, is nothing more than a concrete embodiment of its image in idea. The idea of everything therefore is its original pattern, and the thing itself its copy. As the copy ever fall short of the original, it is once removed from reality. Now art– literature, painting, sculpture — reproduces but things ‘as near pasttime’, the first in words, the next in colours, and the last in stone. So it merely copies a copy: it is twice removed from reality. Things themselves being imperfect copies of the ideas from which they spring, their reproduction in art must be more imperfect still. They take me away from reality rather than towards it.

Since art serves no useful purpose in society, Plato views art as useless. Art added neither knowledge nor intellectual value.

艺术本质上是欺骗性的，可能是危险的。艺术的全部目的是欺骗。当观众误认为现实的模仿时，就可以取得成功。艺术不关心道德，有时甚至教不道德的教训iliad。

他的诗歌袭击
柏拉图attacks poetry and poets for the following reasons:

诗歌is twice removed from reality and it makes men believe in the imperfection.
The poet writes a poem not because he thought for a long time but because he is inspired suddenly. This suddenness cannot be truthful. Poetry contains profound truth but poetry fails in the test of reason. It cannot take the place philosophy and it cannot make better citizen.
诗歌affects the emotions and not the reason. It appeals to the heart and not to the intellect. Emotions are temporary and they cannot be safe guides to men.
诗歌is non-moral in character. It treats both virtue and vice alike. It does not teach moral to the readers. It corrupts human beings.

诗歌的功能
诗歌is not just to offer pleasure. It should teach some morals. It should contribute to the knowledge. A poet should also be good teacher. Plato suggests truth as the test of poetry. A poet is a good artist only in so far as he is a good teacher.

His Comments on Drama
据柏拉图说，戏剧是诗歌的分支。戏剧与诗歌不同：以下方式：

戏剧将上演。它的认可和不赞成取决于听众。为了说服观众，戏剧家使用一些廉价的技术，例如吵架，哀叹，雷声和动物的声音。这些技术在我们正常生活中是一种耻辱。这样的戏剧应受到审查。
Audience while watching characters who are cowards, knaves and criminals tend to become one such character. They lose their individuality. Such characters must not be there in a play. A play should have good characters.
柏拉图is against the pleasure a tragedy and comedy gives. Tragedy offers pleasure to the audience. Human beings are full of feelings like anger, fear, grief, etc., when they are in excess there is pleasure. In comedy, people laugh when a coward act like a brave man or when a criminal acts like an honest man. These characters are not to be laughed at but they should be pitied. A comic character must be lovable.

His Observations on Style

柏拉图lived in the age of oratory. He gives rules for the spoken language which could also be applied for the written word. A speaker must be thorough in the knowledge. He must be sure of what he has to say. It must impress the hearers. Next a speaker must be naturally gifted and he must be constantly in practice. His speech must follow a natural sequence. Finally a speaker must know the psychology of his audience.